Hold short line: coming from the side of the solid line you must stop and get permission to proceed. Continue if lines are dashed.
The runway number approximate the magnetic heading.
The wind indicator comes in 3 types: the wind sock or wind cone(you must fly out of the wind sock), the wind tee(shaped like an airplane facing the wind), or the tetrahedron(points to the wind).
Taxiing with the wind
- wind front left: left aileron up, elevator neutral (yoke left)
- wind front right: right aileron up, elevator neutral (yoke right)
- wind back left: left aileron down, elevator down (yoke forward-right)
- wind back right: right aileron down elevator down (yoke forward-left)
Runway Markings
its okay to taxi and take off in areas with arrows on runway (displaced threshold) but you may not land on it.
Chevrons you may not use that area for anything
Big cross means runway is closed and therefore not usable
segmented circle on the ground shows traffic parttern
PAPI light mean precision approach path indicator you should see 2 whites and 2 red is perfect glide path.
VASI light mean visual approach slope indicator, same principle. An other type of VASI is a single light:
- Steady white – Good glide path
- Steady red – Slightly below glide path
- Pulsating white light – Over glide path
- Pulsating red light – Below glide path
Runway signs
Black sign mean current taxiway
Yellow sign is directional
Taxiway light is blue and taxiway center lines is yellow
Pilot control lighting
- 7 times (5s) – Highest Intensity
- 5 times (5s) – Medium Intensity
- 3 times (5s) – Lowest Instensity
Civilian airport: Beacon alternating (white-green) flashes at night, during daylight hours it indicates the conditions of the airport are below VFR minimum and IFR is required to land.
Military airport: Beacon alternating (white-white-green) flashes
Lighted Heliport: Beacon alternating (yellow-white-green) flashes
Loss of communication
Observe the traffic flow, enter the traffic pattern and watch for the light gun signal.
On the ground:
- Green: Cleared for takeoff
- Red: Stop
- Green Green: Cleared to taxi
- Red Red: Taxi clear of runway
- White White: Return to starting point
- Green Red: Use extreme caution
On the air:
- Green: Cleared to land
- Red: Give way or continue circling
- Green Green: Return for landing
- Red Red: Airport unsafe – DO NOT LAND
- White White: ——————–
- Green Red: Use extreme caution
Class C airspace
Class B (surface to 10,000 feet MSL):
- Approach controller must say: “Cleared into the class Bravo”
- Transponder with encoding altimeter required
- Speed limit 250 knots
- Speed limit in VFR corridors and below class B: 200 knots
Class C (surface to 4000 feet AGL):
- Communications must be established with approach control (call them 10-20 miles out in the outer area)
- Transponder with encoding altimeter required
- Speed limit: 200 knots (below 2,500 AGL within 4 miles of the primary airport)
- Aircraft departing a satellite airport within the class C must establish contact with ATC
Class D (surface to 2500 feet AGL):
- Communications must be established with the tower
- Speed limit: 200 knots (below 2,500 AGL within 4 miles of the primary airport)
LAHSO – Land and Hold Short Operations: you must be confortable with the procedure PIC can accept or decline, student pilots should decline (to find if airport have this look up the A/FD)